Background
There are growing concerns about the interactions between birds and bats and the increasing number of offshore turbines. Songbirds and shorebirds are especially of interest because they migrate at night, and little is known about their migration and use of the offshore environment. Bats also appear offshore, but little is known about their behavior in this area either. Wind farms may affect birds and bats through collisions or displacement/attraction, which can affect the fitness of individuals or populations. While bird collisions with offshore turbines seem to be rare, few studies exist due to the inaccessibility of offshore wind turbines. Normandeau’s project with Dominion Energy aimed to characterize the behavior of birds and bats within the rotor-swept zone (the area occupied by the turbine blades) of offshore wind turbines, assessing the potential risks to individuals and populations.
Study Area
The Dominion Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind (CVOW) Pilot Project is a 2-turbine, 12-megawatt demonstration project located approximately 27 miles off the coast of Virginia. This project serves as a research project to support the larger commercial project that will eventually be constructed east of the project area.
The ATOM Technology
To evaluate offshore bird and bat activity around turbines, our team deployed two Acoustic and Thermographic Offshore Monitoring (ATOM) systems on the turbines at the CVOW Pilot Project. This technology operates 24 hours/day, 7 days/week, and records activity regardless of visibility, weather, or time. Each ATOM system includes four different sensor types:
- Two thermal cameras operating in stereo (permits flight height and flight speed calculations)
- One visible-light camera permits species identification during the day
- Two bird and two bat acoustic detectors (multiple detectors for redundancy)
- One VHF receiver and antennas recording Motus-tagged animals
These sensors are connected to a custom computer, and data are recorded on solid-state storage. Video and acoustic sensors are oriented toward the rotor-swept zone, while the Motus antennas are oriented toward the sea to detect tagged animals flying nearby. A satellite modem provides remote access to ATOM to monitor system health and apply software fixes. The satellite modem bandwidth is too limited for video and acoustic data transfer. However, manual data retrieval is still possible—otherwise Ethernet or Wi-Fi connections can facilitate remote data transfer.
Our team reviews 100% of the video footage using an automated tracking algorithm. Extracted targets are classified as bird, bat, insect, or other, and when deployed on turbines, a record is made as to whether the turbine blades are spinning. When species identification is required by a project, these targets are placed in a review queue assigned to taxonomic experts to make all species identifications manually to the lowest taxonomic resolution possible. The following behaviors are also noted:
- Attraction: flies toward the turbine to inspect, then changes direction
- Hawking: takes short flights from a perch to capture insects, then returns to the perch
- Aerial foraging: continuous flight while capturing prey
- Monopole gleaning: captures insects off the turbine monopole
- Microavoidance: interacts but successfully avoids the turbine blade while it is spinning
- Low patrol: direct flight below the rotor swept zone
- High patrol: direct flight within or above the rotor-swept zone
- Flyover: very high flight over the turbine (mostly large birds that were detectable at greater distances)
- Thermaling: flying without wing movement
- Perching: sitting on substrate without flight
Our team also counts insects during the monitoring period and identifies bird and bat calls to the lowest taxonomic resolution possible. We identify birds detected by the VHF receivers by uploading the tag data to Motus.
Results
During our study’s first year, the team found 521 bat detections, 1,011 bird detections, 49 bird or bat detections, and over 7,000 insect detections. Most (99%) of all observations occurred during the fall; little activity occurred during the spring and winter.
Our team found 31 species of birds and three species of bats across all the sensor types. For birds, there were five shorebird species, three gull species, one tern species, three raptor species, one woodpecker species, and 18 passerine species. We also identified Skuas, corvids, and swallows.
Only two bat detections occurred in the spring, and the remaining 519 detections occurred in the fall; no bats were detected in the winter. Bat detections included three bat species: silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), and eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis).
Insects included over 7,000 detections across all seasons, including many butterflies (Lepidoptera) and dragonflies (Odonata). Insect activity peaked during September and October and was much lower during other periods. Within-day activity showed that insect activity peaked during the early morning hours (6:00-8:00) and then again in the late afternoon (16:00-18:00).
There was a moderate correlation between bat and insect activity and passerine and insect activity. This correlation is not surprising given the high number of aerial foraging behaviors directed at insects observed in the video.
Birds were active at lower median wind speeds compared to bats and insects. Bird activity declined above 5 m/s wind speed and was minimal above 8 m/s, while bat activity dropped sharply above 6 m/s and minimal above 10 m/s.
Foraging was the most common behavior (596 detections) observed in 21 bird species/groups and two bat species/groups. Aerial foraging was the most frequently observed foraging type (463 detections), followed by hawking (104 detections), and monopole gleaning (29 detections). Peregrine falcons were seen patrolling the turbines for prey frequently during the fall.
For birds recorded in the video, only 27% were observed when the blades were spinning. In contrast, 55% of bats recorded in the video were observed when the blades were spinning; however, aerial foraging occurred more often when the blades were not spinning. In contrast to birds, approximately 56% of bat activity occurred when blades were spinning.
Normandeau observed 70 microavoidance behaviors from 18 species or species groups. Microavoidance is when a bird responds to the presence of a single blade and implements a “last-second” action to avoid a collision. Microavoidance occurs through a change in direction, an adjustment in speed, or flight straight through the rotor-swept area.
Normandeau observed no collisions during the first year of study; however, we did observe one bird and bat instance of air displacement, where air currents generated by turbine blades disrupt flight.
What Does It All Mean?
Normandeau’s ATOM system provides new insights into bird and bat behavior around turbines, showing not only occurrence but also foraging and avoidance behaviors across multiple species at offshore wind turbines. The occurrences of two woodland bird species—Northern Flicker and Brown Creeper—in the offshore environment were notable and unexpected.
The number of insects observed was unexpected and is a potentially important food source for migrant birds and bats. The presence of insects is assumed to be at least partially responsible for bird and bat activity around turbines, but we aren’t aware of any studies documenting this phenomenon, and little is known about the timing of offshore insect migration. Offshore insect surveys show that larger insects like those observed in this study compose a small fraction of <5% of aerial insects; smaller species of Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Homoptera are typically dominant. Thus, insect abundance was likely much higher than recorded with our monitoring, and further study of insect population dynamics offshore is crucial to understand how this food resource could impact birds and bats.
The decline of bird and bat activity with increasing wind speed is notable because the cut-in speed for the turbines at the project site is between 3 and 5 m/s, which suggests that much of the bat and bird activity occurs when the blades are not spinning. Only 27% of birds and 55% of bats were observed while blades were spinning. Birds and bats active while the blades are not spinning are not at risk of blade collision.
We observed 113 bird/bat observations within ~10 m of the spinning blades (microavoidance), and 70 observations were within ~1 m (nanoavoidance).
Observations of microavoidance and no observed collisions during the first year of study suggest collisions are rare, though additional data are needed to provide more support for this conclusion.
Finally, offshore turbines provide potential sites for perching and foraging for birds and bats that did not previously exist. This resource allows migrating birds and bats to feed, which may improve fitness. On the other hand, it could also delay arrival at breeding or wintering grounds, decreasing fitness. The net effect of offshore turbines on population fitness is unknown and needs further study.
References
Bowden, J., & Johnson, C. G. (1976). Migrating and Other Terrestrial Insects at Sea. In L. Cheng (Ed), Marine Insects (pp. 97-117). Amsterdam-Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company; New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company.
Normandeau Associates, Inc. (2022). Post-construction bird and bat monitoring at the Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind Pilot Project. First annual report, Dominion Energy, Gainesville, Florida.
Willmott, J. R., Forcey, G., & Vukovich, M. (2023). New insights into the influence of turbines on the behaviour of migrant birds: implications for predicting impacts of offshore wind developments on wildlife. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2507:012006. https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2507/1/012006
Vanermen, N., Onkelinx, T., Courtens, W., de walle, M. V., Verstraete, H. & Stienen, E. W. M. (2014). Seabird avoidance and attraction at an offshore wind farm in the Belgian part of the North Sea. Hydrobiologia 756:51-61.
